Free Ebook BookThe Sinews of Power War Money and the English State 1688-1783

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The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688-1783 The 100 Best History Books of All Time - Listmuse.com The 100 Best History Books of All Time Alexander: image by Ruthven The 100 Best History Books of All Time list contains a mixture of the greatest classical early ... Commerce raiding - Wikipedia Commerce raiding is a form of naval warfare used to destroy or disrupt logistics of the enemy on the open sea by attacking its merchant shipping rather than engaging ... Privateer - Wikipedia A privateer was a private person or ship that engaged in maritime warfare under a commission of war. The commission also known as a letter of marque empowered the ... Rank: #341862 in BooksBrand: Brand: Harvard University PressPublished on: 1990-10-01Original language: EnglishNumber of items: 1Dimensions: .89" h x 6.19" w x 9.28" l, .99 pounds Binding: Paperback320 pagesUsed Book in Good Condition 5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.The Emergence of the Modern StateBy S. PactorIn 2009, Yale University Press published a book by Steve Pincus called 1688: The First Modern Revolution. In that book, Pincus cogently argued that the so-called Glorious Revolution of 1688, in which England had kicked out Catholic Monarch and replaced him with a Protestant Monarch, was not just "a" precursor of the modern state, but rather THE defining moment in the creation of "Modernity." I read 1688 back in February of last year, and while I found Pincus' argument well-founded, it did not exactly spur me to go off and read up on 17th and 18th century English political history. Still- set against the back drop of current events in the United States- doesn't 17th and 18th century English history resonate against today's events on a number of levels First, you have the fact that the United States itself was founded DURING this period, by fighting a war against England itself. Second, the fact that many actors on the political stage view our Constitution- written against this back drop- to be the ultimate source of political authority in our country. Finally, there is the way in which the current global Empire of the United States mirrors the Empire enjoyed by the British in the 18th and 19th century. It's not like you need to know about the same time period in places like France, Italy or Germany- I mean be my guest, but no one is going to get elected to Congress in the United States by having a firm grasp on German court politics in the 1700's. On the other hand, 17th century British history has a relevance to everyone from Tea Party, Fox News loving conservatives to Gordon Wood reading conspiratorial liberals, and anyone in between who actually takes an interest in present politics. If Pincus' book is the apogee of a historical revision placing the Glorious Revolution of 1688 at the beginning of "Modern" history, then The Sinews of Power functions as a kind of illustration/explication of the broader thesis. It's funny to me that Sinews of Power was published in 1989, while 1688 was published in 2009: TWO DECADES LATER. In many ways, Sinews of Power is the more though provoking, though it lacks the brauva style of the Pincus/Yale University combination. In Sinews of Power Brewer explores the connection between the rise of the post-1688 British state and the interplay of War, the raising of money for War and the growth of the number of workers required to collect the money for the State to pay for War. The focus on War as the impetus for growth of the British state is an idea that is- again- decades ahead of our time. Brewer, writing at the height of the influence of French Cultural Studies in the discipline of History, is not afraid to point to War as being the most important function of the post-1688 state. Why this is is far less important then the fact of it: The English State needed tons of money because it was engaged in a series of wars throughout the 18th century. It's ability to fight this wars- and win them- was based on growth in the collection of taxes, and ultimately, Brewer argues that England's 18th century rise to power was grounded on the efficient collection of tax. Placing bureaucrats at the center of state power is as old as Max Weber, but Brewer is boldly making a defense of bureaucracy as a central REASON for long-term state success. The need for money also let to a class of citizens who literally got rich financing the wars of the British Crown- these Financiers as they were called became a distinct class, often opposed to the Landed Gentry as a direct result of the war/money linkage in 18th century London. Additionally, the merchants and producers of goods, as a direct result of being taxed more efficiently, developed a political consciousness that evolved into what we call "Lobbying" today. Most importantly, all of these development preceded the Economic Philosophy of Adam Smith and what we might call "free market" thinking. These cats were strictly old school, and it gives you something to contemplate when one considers that the growth of industrial revolution corporate power didn't really get started until the l9th century, meaning that the State, War Financing, and tax based Interest Group Lobbying were already in full swing in England a half-century before "Corporations" and the industrial revolution mattered. So, if you look at Modern history starting from 1688, instead of, say the Industrial Revolution, the State takes on a more significant role vis a vis "Corporate Power" and trends that one might ascribe to post-industrial revolution modernity were in full swing prior to the industrial revolution itself10 of 10 people found the following review helpful.Very GoodBy Tom MunroIn the 17th Century England was a minor power which steered clear of European Wars. From the 1690's on England became one of the strongest military powers in Europe. It developed a strong navy and acquired an empire outside Europe. It however was able to keep its European enemies of balance by the use of subsidies to allies such as Prussia.So successful was England that it not only conquered one empire. It actually lost its American colonies, its first empire and then replaced it by conquests in India and Africa.Some years ago it was thought that the key to England's success was its growing economic power which took place hand in hand with its growth of empire. This book suggests that something else was happening. For most of the period France was a larger country and its growth rates were not that dissimilar. What was different about England was that it was able to impose very high tax burdens on its citizens with low administrative costs and it was better able to debt manage.The book suggests that the reason for this was that England's government was not a monarchy but a government that was shared between a monarch and the parliament. This firstly meant that taxation was seen as fair. Secondly there was oversight which led to tax collection being efficient. In France tax collection was done by created hereditary positions. In England it was done by salaried positions with people appointed on the basis of educational qualifications.The main devise used to collect tax was excise. There was no income tax until the time of Pitt the younger and land tax was not set at a high rate. Rather a large number of commodities such as beer soap, whine etc had a tax placed on them at the point of production. England unlike France was a country which did not have a substantial peasant class and as a result a much larger number of transactions occurred in the monetary economy and attracted tax.One of the virtues of the book is the realization of how much effort went into warfare. One English three decker cost more than the setting up of the largest factory in the country. The government whose expenditure was about 99% concerned with war was the biggest employer in the country.Not only was England able to develop the forerunner of a modern bureaucracy to collect tax it was also able to set up complex systems of procurement for its armed forces. The structure of the society also led to widespread participation by the more wealthy in the day to day running of the country. Aristocratic families would have the younger sons who were not entitled to the wealth of the family take employment. These would be in the parliament, the navy, army, church and sometimes in the administration. This in turn meant that there was a high degree of professionalism in the navy and army as it was manned by career officers.A fascinating look at the mechanics of England's rise to world power.42 of 46 people found the following review helpful.A true work of real genius!By James B. Delong"From its modest beginnings as... a minor, infrequent almost inconsequential participant in the great wars that ravaged sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Europe... Britain emerged in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries as the military Wunderkind of the age.... [B]y the reign of George III Britain had become one of the heaviest weights in the balance of power in Europe [and]... was on the threshold of becoming a transcontinental power..."The above quote is the opening of War, Money, and the English State. There have been many histories of Britain's military successes in the century after the expulsion of James II Stuart--biographies of the first Duke of Marlborough, histories of the British navy, narratives of the Seven Years' War, and so forth. There have been many histories of Britain's economic growth--and even attempts to explain why Britain saw such mercantile and then industrial success in the eighteenth century. But the connection John Brewer takes on the task of filling in the gap: how was Britain's economic success translated into massive military powerThis question is especially interesting because Britain appeared to successfully mobilize its resources for eighteenth century wars in a manner very different from the continental "absolutist" powers. The apparatuses of royal secret police, lits de justice, the co-option of the middle nobility in the centralization of power and authority, and the ideology of a king "freed from the duty of observing the laws" are in large part absent from British military mobilization. It followed a different pattern--one that may have had decisive consequences for human history...John Brewer handles his topic superbly, making The Sinews of Power one of the best books I read in 1991, and making it one of the best books I read in 1995, when I re-read it.See all 9 customer reviews... The 100 Best History Books of All Time - Listmuse.com The 100 Best History Books of All Time Alexander: image by Ruthven The 100 Best History Books of All Time list contains a mixture of the greatest classical early ... Commerce raiding - Wikipedia Commerce raiding is a form of naval warfare used to destroy or disrupt logistics of the enemy on the open sea by attacking its merchant shipping rather than engaging ... Privateer - Wikipedia A privateer was a private person or ship that engaged in maritime warfare under a commission of war. The commission also known as a letter of marque empowered the ...
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